Key Electric Vehicle Terms Explained

As electric vehicles (EVs) continue to make their mark on the automotive industry, it’s important to understand the terminology that comes with this technology. From how far an EV can travel to the types of chargers it can use, these terms help users better understand and utilize their EVs while also helping potential buyers compare the quickly expanding number of electric vehicle options on the market. Here’s a guide to some of the key terms in the world of electric vehicles.

Key Terms in the World of EVs

Range

The range of an EV refers to the total distance it can travel on a single battery charge. It’s akin to the fuel tank capacity in traditional vehicles, indicating how far you can go before needing a recharge.

Battery and Lithium-ion

EVs predominantly use lithium-ion batteries due to their high energy density, meaning they can store more electricity in a smaller and lighter package. These batteries are similar to those in smartphones and laptops but scaled up for automotive use. They are preferred for their longevity, efficiency, and ability to quickly recharge.

kW (Kilowatt)

A kilowatt (kW) is a unit of power equal to 1,000 watts. In the context of EVs, kW is used to measure two main aspects: the power output of the vehicle’s motor and the charging rate of the battery. The higher the kW, the more powerful the motor or the faster the charging capability.

kWh (Kilowatt-hour)

Kilowatt-hour (kWh) is a unit of energy, representing the amount of power consumed over time. For EVs, it’s used to indicate the battery’s energy capacity. A larger kWh rating means a bigger battery that can potentially offer a longer driving range.

kWh/100 km

This term is similar to miles per gallon in conventional vehicles. It represents the number of kilowatt-hours an EV uses to travel 100 kilometers. Lower kWh/100 km indicates better energy efficiency.

Level 1 Charging

Level 1 charging is the most basic form of EV charging, typically done using a standard 120-volt household outlet. It’s the slowest charging method, often adding only about 8 km of range per hour of charging.

Level 2 Charging and Level 2 Ports J1772 or Type 1

Level 2 charging is faster than Level 1 and uses a 240-volt outlet, similar to what large appliances like dryers use. Most public and home EV chargers are Level 2, and they usually use a J1772 connector in North America (also known as Type 1). Level 2 charging can add about 25-80 km of range per hour of charging.

Level 3 Charging and DC Fast Charging

Level 3 charging, also known as DC (Direct Current) Fast Charging, is the quickest way to charge an EV. It converts high-voltage AC power to DC power for direct storage in batteries, significantly speeding up the charging process.

CHAdeMO and CCS1

CHAdeMO and CCS1 (Combined Charging System) are two types of connectors used for DC Fast Charging. CHAdeMO is a Japanese standard, although you will see it available on North American charging stations as early EVs used this type of connector, while CCS1 is commonly used in North America. These connectors allow for rapid charging at public stations.

NACS

NACS, or North American Charging Standard, refers to the standardization of EV charging connectors and protocols in North America, ensuring compatibility across different EV models and charging stations.

Tesla Connector

The Tesla Connector is a proprietary charging connector used by Tesla vehicles. It’s compatible with Tesla’s Supercharger network, which offers rapid DC charging exclusively for Tesla models.

20% to 80%

You will often see automakers quote DC fast charging times from 20% range to 80% range, and you may be wondering why? The main reason is that charging slows down dramatically after 80% in part to protect the battery. Moreover, 80% range is usually sufficient for most owners to get to their destination. For that reason, charging past 80% is not something you will need to do or want to do often, and so the time needed to charge to this level is a widely accepted metric to determine Level 3 charging speed.

Understanding these key EV terms is crucial for current and prospective EV owners. They not only help in making informed decisions about EV purchases but also ensure a smoother transition to electric mobility. As the EV market continues to evolve, familiarity with these terms will become increasingly important for navigating the new landscape of personal transportation.